CATALOGO. BRONCES

The technique of bronze smelting reaches its maximum splendor in Ife and Benin, whose heads of queens and monarchs thought the first anthropologists, given their perfection, were the work of the Greek or Roman civilizations. The bronze plates of Benin are famous, with cutting scenes, covering walls and columns of the royal palace looted in 1885 This metal was attributed to a benefactor force capable of warding off evil. The bracelets and slaves of many peoples of Africa are very often bronze as are many amulets. If there is a technique that can characterize the work of metals and especially of bronze it is that of lost wax. This process of making small, and not so small, bronze sculptures has been practiced in almost all of Africa, since ancient times, mainly in coastal areas for having greater ease to obtain raw materials. Different procedures are used, the simplest is the following: The artist sculpts or works a wax figure, until the desired shape is achieved. At the top, several wax ducts are also attached; the artist covers the interior and the exterior with damp refractory clay or mud and tries to make the outer layer thicker, to give greater solidity to the whole. It is allowed to dry in the sun or in an oven, depending on the degree of technique achieved by the artist. When the piece has dried well, heat it to melt the wax and leave a vacuum into which the melting metal is inserted. There are those who do not previously remove the wax because it will melt and come out through the ejecting nozzles as the molten metal is poured. In some places, the artist places his head in such a way that the molten metal spreads first over his face, as a delicate model had more chances of being successfully realized. The metal extends to occupy all the reveques of the mold. Two holes are practiced, one through which the bronze or molten metal is drawn and the other through which the wax escapes, which will be covered at the right time allowing, then, to cool the mold. Once cold the mold is broken and the figure obtained will be finished with chisel or other incisors instruments. For the most important pieces the artist models a figure, hollow, of wax approximately one centimeter thick covering with a layer of clay both the outside and the inside, but the interior will be filled next with wood and charcoal, following the rest more or less the same procedure. Many of the objects made with this procedure were more or less realistic portraits of the chiefs, kings and great characters. Some informants say that these portraits were made after the model’s death. They were placed on family altars and received family offerings. Some of these figures represent the Ony of Ife, spiritual leader of all the Yoruba or the Oba (king) of Benin. The so-called “African bronze”, given its composition, is closer to brass than to the European concept of bronze, does not contain zinc. The bronzes of some ethnic groups of the family Akanlike the Ashanti and the Anyi contain a small percentage of gold.